Scientists at the Oregon Health and Science University and the Oregon National Primate Research Center (ONPRC) have successfully reconstituted human skin cells into embryonic stem cells that can be transformed into any other cell type in the body.
The latest research result in the online version of "Cell" magazine is to continue to deepen the previous stem cell research. In 2007, scientists successfully transformed monkey skin cells into embryonic stem cells.
The project team led by Dr. Shukrat Mitalipov, a senior scientist of ONPRC, has improved the commonly used methods of somatic cell transplantation. This method converts a cell nucleus containing individual DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) into an egg cell with genetic material removed. Unfertilized egg cells develop and eventually produce stem cells.
After thorough examination of stem cells derived from this technique, the researchers found that they can be converted into various types of cells like normal embryonic stem cells, such as nerve cells, liver cells and heart cells. Because these recombinant cells are produced from the patient's nuclear genetic material, there is no need to consider the patient's transplant rejection. Mitalipov said that there is still a lot of work to be done to develop safe and effective stem cell therapies, but this research has taken an important step in the development of cells that can be used in regenerative medicine.
Another noteworthy aspect of this research is that it does not involve fertilized embryos, which have always been a major ethical issue in stem cell therapy.
The success of the Mitalipov team on recombinant human stem cells is based on a series of human and monkey cell research. Previously failed studies have shown that human egg cells seem to be more vulnerable than egg cells of other species. Existing recombination methods have "turned off" before stem cells are produced.
To solve this problem, researchers first used monkey cells to develop various alternative methods, and then applied them to human cells. Through interactive research between monkey cells and human cells, the researchers finally developed a successful method, the key is to promote the egg cells to stay in the "mid-term" state of the nuclear transfer process. The middle stage is a stage in the natural division of a cell (meiosis), that is, the genetic material is arranged in the center of the cell before the cell divides. The research team found that maintaining the medium-term state through chemical methods throughout the transfer process can prevent the "fire" phenomenon from occurring, allowing cells to develop and produce stem cells.
An important difference between the new method and cloning stem cell technology is that human cloning is currently not possible. Years of research on monkeys has shown that monkeys have never been successfully cloned using somatic cell nuclear transfer. In addition, the fragile human cells in this study are also an important factor in preventing human cloning. Mitalipov said that their research direction is to produce stem cells that can be used for disease treatment. Although the breakthrough of nuclear transplantation technology often leads to ethical disputes about human cloning, this is not the focus of this research.
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