Summary
Nano silver conductive ink is the current highly-regarded development technology for the application of conductive ink in printed electronics, the application category and its future market development, including thick film applications, RFID, PV Contacts, Display and Backplanes, Sensor, EL Lighting and Novelties and Disposable Electronics. Nano silver conductive ink started late, but the total market size is growing rapidly, and will have a good development trend in each application, especially the application of RFIDTag antenna and Chip, there will be a large growth trend, this is because RFID The application requirements must be a low temperature process, high conductivity characteristics, and high flexibility applications. Therefore, it is an inevitable condition to use nano silver conductive inks to meet these characteristics requirements.
In view of the development potential of the nano silver conductive ink market, this paper analyzes the printing suitability of the Chinese-made nano silver conductive ink to analyze the printing quality to determine the durability and practicality of the product.
Keywords: Nano silver, conductive ink, inkjet printing.
introduction
1. Research motivation and background
(1) The rise of printed electronics
Printed Electronics is currently the focus technology of all parties concerned. Its technical principle is that electronic components are printed on the substrate of electronic products based on the principle of printing technology in the process of electronic products. Characteristics, and then achieve the effect of rapid production of electronic products, Printed Circuit Board (PCB) is one of the most widely used; due to the rapid development of flexible electronics (Electronics) and electronic products in recent years and the cost-oriented demand, it has driven The rise of printed electronics has a wide range of printed electronics methods, including screen printing, letterpress, gravure, lithography and other basic printing formats, and digital high-precision control has made inkjet printing widely used in the printed electronics industry and the development of technology. The choice of printing format depends on the product requirements. Different printing methods are selected according to the ink thickness requirements. The resistance, impedance and friction resistance are also different according to the ink thickness.
(2) Development and trend of conductive ink
Among the printed electronic components, conductive ink is the most widely used. Conductive ink refers to ink that is printed on a non-conductive substrate to make it have the ability to conduct current and eliminate accumulated static electricity. It is generally printed on non-conducting substrates such as plastic, glass, ceramics or cardboard. The composition of conductive ink is mainly composed of conductive materials, adhesives, solvents and additives. Among them, silver metal is widely used in the development of conductive inks. Metals are good electrical heat conductors, which are widely used in various electronic industries and general traditional industries. According to the statistics of NanoMarkets in 2008, the industry needs about 5000 tons of silver metal annually, and the corresponding global market value is about 80 billion Taiwan dollars. In industrial applications, the main presentation methods are metal wire, powder, ink and metal paste. Due to the vigorous development of the flexible printed electronics industry, its low cost, high-speed printing and high reliability requirements make metal conductor circuits need to abandon the traditional vacuum metal coating technology and etch process in the past, and use printed metal conductive ink for one-time molding The manufacturing process enables silver electrode inks or pastes to increase their development potential. Therefore, characterizing silver conductor inks will have a pivotal key technical leadership position in the development of the printed electronics industry.
Among the silver conductor inks, nano silver conductive ink is currently the technology that attracts the most attention. The main reason is the reduction in process temperature. Nano silver conductive ink can form a conductive deposit at a process lower than 200 ℃, so that the printed The application of materials is greatly expanded. The following is a description of several broader application categories and their future market development, including thick film applications, RFID, PV Contacts, Display and Backplanes, Sensor, EL Lighting, Novelties and Disposable Electronics. According to the market survey conducted by NanoMarkets 2008 as shown in the figure below, the ink types can be divided into two types: nano silver conductive ink and traditional thick film silver metal ink. According to different applications, the market scale is evaluated in the next eight years. Although the market size of traditional thick-film silver metal ink is large, its growth has slowed down. Although nano silver conductive ink started late, the total market size has grown rapidly, and it will have a good development trend in various applications, especially RFID Tag The application of antennas and chips will have a large growth trend. This is because RFID applications require low-temperature processes, high electrical conductivity, and high flexibility applications. Therefore, it is an inevitable condition to use nano inks to meet these characteristics.
2. Research Purpose
In view of the development potential of the nano silver conductive ink market, this study discusses the printing suitability of the Chinese-made nano silver conductive ink. The main research objectives are as follows:
(1) Test the developed nano silver ink, use inkjet printer to analyze the printing quality of nano silver conductive ink, its manufacturability, durability and practicality.
(2) Nanosilver conductive ink printing suitability test: viscosity, particle size, volatile organic compound content test, hardness test, drying test, weather resistance test, friction resistance test, adhesion analysis, conductivity analysis, film thickness test, resistance Chemical testing.
Literature Discussion
This study makes a literature discussion on conductive ink, detection methods, ink types, and printing equipment.
1. Conductive ink
(1) Inkjet conductive inks generally belong to water-based or alcohol-based inks, and its components are conductive materials, polymer resins, solvents (water or alcohols), surfactants, dispersion stabilizers, and other additives. Preparation of inkjet conductive ink
(2) Conductive materials
According to the conductivity, it can be divided into conductors and semiconductors; conductive materials can be divided into inorganic and organic systems. In this study, nano silver was used as the main conductive material.
(3) Polymer resin
The polymer resin is the main film-forming substance constituting the conductive ink. There are natural resins, synthetic resins, alkali metal silicon salts, etc.
(4) Solvent
The solvent is used to dissolve the binder resin. Therefore, the solvent must have the ability to dissolve the binder resin. On the other hand, the solvent cannot make the conductivity of the conductive material unstable and reduce the physical and chemical properties of the ink film. The choice of solvent must also consider the effect of solvent evaporation rate on printability.
Nano silver conductive inks also need to take into account the inkjet process factors, including particle size distribution, annual, surface tension, pH value, environmental stability, storage, solvent volatility, inkjet head compatibility , Curing methods, etc. (Gao Zhenyu, Zhou Gengsheng 2010)
2. Detection method
(1) Viscosity:
The viscosity of the ink is determined by how it flows on the printing press. At the same time, it affects the resistance to splitting, penetration, drying, gloss, abrasion resistance and the color of the printed matter. The flowability of the ink is almost closely related to the viscosity of the ink, it is a very important measure.
(2) Granularity:
Particle size detection can get the test result of pigment dispersion and whether there are fragments of particles in the ink. The particle size of the ink is a very important indicator, which is related to the flow performance of the ink; the particle size of the ink is too coarse, which will cause undesirable phenomena on printing.
(3) Test of volatile organic compound content:
To detect the volatile organic compounds (VOCs) contained in the ink, with different printing conditions and temperatures to understand the volatile organic compounds that may be produced in the process
(4) Hardness test:
For the ink surface hardness test of the printed material as plastic material, use a standard hardness pencil to test the surface hardness of the sample ink.
(5) Drying test:
The time and temperature required for the process of forming the solid film of the ink from the paste form have different evaluation methods for different printing conditions and circuit wire diameter diagrams.
(6) Weather resistance test:
For the simulation effect of the ink after being printed on the material to be printed, understand the degree of weather resistance.
(7) Friction resistance test:
For the suitability test of printed products, after printing the printed materials, the ink is tested by the instrument to evaluate the friction resistance of the finished products under different gravity conditions and friction times.
(8) Density analysis:
For the suitability test of the printed products, the ink is printed and the material to be printed is closely analyzed.
(9) Conductivity analysis:
For the suitability test of printed products, the conductivity analysis of the ink after printing the printed material.
(10) Film thickness test:
Test the thickness of the printed product with a thickness meter to understand the thickness of the conductive ink attached to the printed material
(11) Anti-chemical testing:
The main purpose of the chemical resistance test is to test the resistance of the ink to chemicals after drying.
3. Printing equipment
(1) Thermal bubble technology
Under the action of the heating resistor, the ink in the nozzle is heated to vaporize and generate bubbles, which push the ink out. Using the thermal bubble technology, the printing speed is faster, but the ink dots are ejected only after being pushed, the power is less than the piezoelectric technology, it is easily affected by inertia, and there may be uneven ink dots or ink residue produce. And the inkjet head is often in a high heat state, making the ink head easy to wear, so manufacturers using thermal bubble type will combine the inkjet head with the ink cartridge. (Chen Zhonghui, Zhang Jiarong, 2006).
(2) Piezo technology
The piezoelectric pulse component is driven by a voltage pulse to deform and push the ink. When the force is greater than the surface tension of the inkjet head, the ink will be ejected by the inkjet nozzle. Piezoelectric inkjet will not cause chemical changes of the ink due to high temperature vaporization, which will affect the color quality, and because there are no repeated high thermal particles, the inkjet head has better durability. Piezoceramics have a fast reaction speed and can increase the printing speed; the thermal bubble type is limited by the heat conduction speed. The piezoelectric type is easier to control the density and size of the ink dot itself, so that the print quality can reach very fine quality (Lin Zhengxuan, 2003). The following table compares the piezoelectric and thermal bubble inkjet technology.
For the purposes of this project, piezoelectric technology is used, which drives ceramic components through voltage pulses, pushes conductive ink, and overprints multiple times to achieve a predetermined ink film thickness.
Research methods
This research assists the Chinese people to develop their own nano silver inks, to conduct the testing of the developed nano silver inks, and to analyze the printing quality of the nano silver inks with an inkjet printer. Its manufacturing, durability and practicality.
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