Printing should be regarded as a traditional industry that has been completely changed by the Internet, together with film, newspapers, television, and retail. If we count from the Gutenberg era of lead type, "lead and fire" rule printing for more than 600 years; and since the 1970s laser scanning technology applied to the photo typesetting machine, "light and electricity" replaced "lead and fire" Probably it has been maintained for 30 years. Now, it is clear that printing has entered the digital age.
The invention of movable type printing was the greatest technological revolution in the history of printing. A Chinese clothist in the Song Dynasty invented the mud type or wood type, and the Koreans invented the copper type. The German Gutenberg eventually formed the lead type. The economical and practical use of lead type printing has promoted the development of the European publishing industry and promoted the modernization of Europe and the world.
In fact, Bi Sheng’s idea of ​​movable type printing is not produced out of thin air. Archaeologists believe that ancient seals must have a revelation for movable type printing, and movable type is equivalent to a seal. The seals are also commonly used by the Sumerians in the two rivers, and thousands of seals have been unearthed at the Xalapa site in the Indus Valley. Recently, several seals were found in the Yin Ruins in Anyang, China, indicating that the seal culture already existed during the Shang Dynasty. Before Bi Sheng invented the movable type printing, the stencil printing began to prevail around the Sui Dynasty around 600 AD. The engraving printing is on a smooth wooden board with a certain thickness, and the stenciled and stenciled manuscript is affixed. The thin and almost transparent manuscript paper is attached to the front of the board, and the word becomes a counter-body, and the stroke is clearly distinguishable. The sculptor used a knives to cut off the parts of the layout without writing, which became the embossed embossed font, which is quite different from the concave inscription of the font. When printing, apply ink on the raised font, then cover the paper with it, gently wipe the back of the paper, and the writing will remain on the paper. Engraving and printing has profoundly affected the publishing industry in China. A large number of existing Song edition books are engraved and printed. However, this method is time-consuming and labor-intensive, and it is increasingly unsuitable for large-scale printing needs. Moreover, a large number of book editions are inconvenient to store and it is not easy to correct errors. Bi Sheng’s invention came into being.
The fact that Bi Sheng invented the mud type is not recorded in the official history of China. It is only found in the "Meng Xi Bi Tan" by the scientist of the Song Dynasty. He used clay to make a blank of the same specification, with a reversed word on one end. The height of the protrusion is the same as the thickness of the edge of the copper coin, and it is hardened by fire to become a single clay type. In order to meet the needs of typesetting, there are usually several or even dozens of commonly used words in case of repetition in the same version. When you encounter uncommonly used words, you can use them with your system. Bi Sheng's method of printing clay type printing, if only two or three copies are printed, it is not a troublesome thing. If it is printed in hundreds of thousands, the work efficiency will be considerable, especially for the large-scale printing of Buddhist scriptures. However, his invention did not seem to have been valued by the rulers at the time, nor was it promoted in the publishing world, but was occasionally circulated among the people.
Since the existing Song edition books are almost all engraved, the feasibility of Bi Sheng's mud type has been questioned. South Korea discovered that it was the earliest metal movable type in the world, which was printed in metal type on the end of the 13th century. It is considered to be the originator of movable type printing. However, considering China's influence on South Korea during the Yuan Dynasty, we have good reason to believe that this is only a carrier difference, and it is technically obviously affected by Bisheng.
We all admit that Gutenberg's invention of lead type has really changed the world - it was introduced to Italy in 1463, introduced to France in 1479, and introduced to Britain in 1476. By 1500, it was basically spread throughout Europe. Center, printing has entered the era of industrialization. However, many European scholars believe that the movable type printing in Europe is from China. For example, in 1584, the Spanish historian and missionary Gonzalez de Mendoza wrote in the book "The History of the Chinese Empire" that Chinese printing was introduced to Germany through two channels. Russia's introduction to Germany was introduced to Germany through books carried by Arab merchants. Gutenberg used these Chinese books as a blueprint for his printing. Mendoza’s book was quickly translated into French, English and Italian, which had a great influence in Europe. The French historian Louis Le Roy and the writer Michel de Montaigne all agreed with Mendoza's argument. Of course, the Italians credited the printing of movable type to Europe, thanks to Italy. One of Italy's print books, Pafiloka Starrdi, saw the movable type books that Marco Polo brought back from China and carried them forward.
The famous French sinologist Julian (1797-1873) was an academician of the French Academy. As early as 1824, he completed the translation of the Latin text "Mencius" based on Manchu. He was very fascinated by the ancient Chinese science and technology. The sericulture part of the article was translated into French and the book "The Making of Chinese Porcelain and Its History" was written. Of course, he would not ignore the Chinese contribution to printing. He translated a piece of historical material from Bi Sheng's invention of movable type printing in Shen Kuo's "Meng Xi Bi Tan" into French and spread it to Europe. There is also the famous British scientist Joseph Needham, who also believes that Bi Sheng is the inventor of movable type printing.
From the perspective of global history, printing is actually a relay invention. Different countries have made their own contributions at different stages, and the intelligent Chinese have indeed led the world at an important stage in the development of printing. After the printing of the movable type, it also invented the mimeograph, printing, photocopying, and laser printing. China has also benefited from these advanced technologies.
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