Computer Fault Repair and Judgment Guide: Startup and Shutdown Faults
This section focuses on the process of identifying and diagnosing computer faults, particularly those related to the startup and shutdown processes. Disk-related failures are categorized into two main aspects: one involves issues with the hard drive, optical drive, floppy drive, and their media; the other involves problems with components such as the motherboard or memory that affect the access to these drives.
Common Fault Diagnosis
This part categorizes the failure scenarios that occur during a computer's power-on and shutdown cycle. The diagnostic and troubleshooting process for each category is an essential component of the "Maintenance Judgment" section in Part One. These two sections are always used together, regardless of the method applied or the specific issue being diagnosed.
The fault phenomena listed in this section represent only a subset of the many possible issues. Some unlisted faults may be classified under these categories, while others cannot. Therefore, this manual provides methods and ideas for the listed and classifiable faults, along with basic troubleshooting techniques. For unclassified issues, we will continue to collect, organize, and summarize them in future updates, enriching this Desktop Computer Maintenance Guide.
Disk-Related Failures
Definition and Examples
Disk-related failures include two main types: (1) faults caused by the hard disk, optical drive, floppy drive, and their media; and (2) faults caused by components like the motherboard or memory that affect the accessibility of these drives.
Possible Failures
1. Hard Drive
- Abnormal noises or loud sounds from the hard drive.
- BIOS fails to recognize the hard drive, or the indicator light remains constantly on or off.
- Inability to partition or format the drive, incorrect capacity display, presence of bad sectors, or data loss.
- Logical drive letters are missing or changed, with errors reported when accessing the drive.
- Data protection mechanisms fail.
- Third-party software causes hard drive malfunctions.
- Malfunctions due to a hard drive protection card.
2. Floppy Drive
- Indicator light does not turn on or remains constantly on.
- Difficulty in inserting or ejecting disks.
- Failure to format, read, or interfere with other devices or applications.
- Files written on one floppy drive cannot be read on another.
- Floppy drive letter is missing or changed, with error messages appearing.
- Floppy drive is not properly seated.
3. Optical Drive
- Noisy operation, tray not opening/closing, or poor readability.
- System does not detect the optical drive.
- Crashes or error messages when accessing the drive.
- Disc media does not function properly.
Involved Components
Hard drive, optical drive, floppy drive, their settings, disk interfaces, power supply, and signal cables on the motherboard.
Judgment Steps and Sequence
1. Preparation Before Maintenance
- Ensure proper connection of disk data cables.
- Use corresponding disk detection software.
- Check for viruses and run antivirus scans.
2. Hard Drive Inspection
a) Environmental Check:
- Verify the hard drive’s ID jumper setting matches the cable position.
- Ensure the data cable is correctly connected and not reversed.
- Check for damaged or bent cables.
- Confirm the cable type matches the hard drive specifications.
- Make sure the power cable is securely connected.
b) Visual Inspection:
- Look for signs of damage, discoloration, or broken components on the hard drive’s circuit board.
- Check for soldering issues on the power connector pins.
- Observe the self-test LED after power-on—should flash normally.
- Listen for unusual noise during operation.
c) Power Supply Check:
- Ensure the voltage is within acceptable limits and stable.
3. Fault Diagnosis
a) Test under a minimal system configuration to isolate the issue.
b) Check parameters and settings:
- Confirm the hard drive is recognized by the system and that the parameters match.
- Set the IDE channel mode in BIOS to "Auto" if possible.
- Compare the displayed capacity with the actual one, noting the difference between 1000-based and 1024-based units.
c) Check compatibility between the motherboard and the hard drive.
d) Examine the hard drive's logical structure.
e) Review system settings and virus checks.
f) Use manufacturer-provided tools to test for bad sectors.
g) Address issues related to the hard drive protection card, including password recovery, boot settings, and compatibility.
3. Floppy Drive Inspection
a) Similar to hard drive checks, ensure correct connections and BIOS settings.
b) Check the floppy drive cable for proper installation and alignment.
c) Visually inspect the drive for foreign objects or mechanical issues.
Continuing the guide, additional steps would cover checking the floppy drive's functionality, verifying its recognition by the system, and addressing common error messages. This ensures a comprehensive approach to diagnosing and resolving disk-related issues in computers.
Oil Painting Brushes
There are so many many brushes:washes/glazes, rounds, flats, filberts and liners and more. Choosing the right type for the technique is important. Let`s look at the different types. Flat Brushes-Flats are brushes with a straight chisel edge and square shaped filaments. These can be known as shades if they`re in smaller sizes and washes/glazes if in bigger sizes. Large areas are painted with a wash/glaze brush whereas smaller flats are used for small areas of painting
Round brushes-Round brushes have a large diameter of the ferrule, more so than a liner, which can be used for applying thick to thin lines, filling in odd shaped areas, painting details and work great for lettering. Liners don`t hold as much paint as a round, however, they are super great for creating lines or curves. Script liners are similar to liners but the filaments are much longer and hold more paint. A round brush tapers to a pointed tip – several types of rounds are referred to rounds, liners or script liners. Angle brushes are filaments that have been cut on an angle – these are excellent to use in small or curved areas of the painting.Filberts Brushes with oval shaped filaments are known as filberts in smaller sizes and oval wash in larger sizes. Both shapes can be used for base coating, stroke work and more. There are filbert combs, filbert wash and more.Mop Brushes-Then there are mop brushes–great for blending and smoothing out small areas. They`re also ideal for applying powdered pigments–just dust them lightly over hot or tacky wax.Specialty Brushes-Then there are all the speciality brushes on the market used for certain techniques and garner their own results–fan, deer-foot, stumbler, mops,stencil and more.
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