**Computer Fault Repair Judgment Guide: Startup and Shutdown Faults**
This section provides guidance on identifying and resolving faults related to the startup and shutdown processes of a computer. It focuses specifically on **disk-related failures**, which can be categorized into two main areas: (1) issues directly caused by storage devices such as hard drives, optical drives, and floppy drives, along with their media, and (2) problems stemming from other system components—such as the motherboard or memory—that affect the access and functionality of these storage devices.
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### Common Fault Diagnosis
This part organizes the various types of computer failures that occur during the power-on to shutdown process. The diagnostic procedures for each category are an essential component of the "Maintenance Judgment" section in the first part of this guide. These two sections should always be used together, regardless of the method applied or the specific issue being evaluated.
The fault scenarios listed here represent only a subset of possible issues. Many other faults may not fit neatly into these categories. Therefore, this manual offers methods and approaches for diagnosing the listed issues and provides basic troubleshooting steps. For unclassified faults, we will continue to collect, organize, and update this guide in future revisions to enhance its comprehensiveness.
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### Disk-Related Failures
#### 1. Hard Drive
**Possible Issues:**
- Abnormal noises or loud sounds from the hard drive.
- BIOS fails to recognize the hard drive; the LED is constantly on or off.
- Inability to partition or format the drive; incorrect capacity displayed; presence of bad sectors or data loss.
- Logical drive letters missing or changed; errors when accessing the drive.
- Data protection mechanisms fail.
- Third-party software causes drive failure.
- Issues caused by a hard drive protection card.
**Key Components Involved:**
- Hard drive, optical drive, floppy drive, their settings, disk interface, power supply, and signal cables on the motherboard.
**Diagnostic Steps:**
- **Preparation:** Ensure proper data cables are available, use disk detection software, and check for viruses.
- **Environmental Inspection:**
- Check the hard drive connection (ID jumper, cable orientation, damage, compatibility).
- Inspect the physical condition of the drive (circuit board, power socket pins, LED behavior, and noise).
- Verify the power supply voltage and stability.
- **Fault Diagnosis:**
- Use the minimum system configuration to isolate the issue.
- Check BIOS settings, including IDE channel mode and hard drive parameters.
- Validate the disk's logical structure, including partitions and file systems.
- Scan for viruses and ensure no conflicting third-party software is running.
- Run manufacturer-provided diagnostics to detect bad sectors or hardware issues.
- Address issues related to hard drive protection cards, such as password recovery, boot configuration, and restore modes.
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#### 2. Floppy Drive
**Possible Issues:**
- Indicator light not functioning properly; unusual noise during disk reading.
- Difficulty inserting or ejecting disks.
- Failure to format disks, inability to read them, or interference with other devices.
- Inconsistent readability between different floppy drives.
- Drive letter changes or errors when accessing the drive.
- Drive not properly seated.
**Diagnostic Steps:**
- **Environmental Inspection:**
- Check the cable connections and ensure they are correctly installed.
- Confirm the drive’s position matches the BIOS settings.
- Ensure the power connection is secure.
- **Visual Inspection:**
- Look for foreign objects inside the drive.
- Check for any visible damage or wear on the drive mechanism.
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#### 3. Optical Drive
**Possible Issues:**
- Noisy operation, tray malfunction, poor disc readability.
- Drive letter changes or system fails to detect the drive.
- Crashes or errors when accessing the drive.
- Disc media not working properly.
**Diagnostic Steps:**
- Check the drive’s physical condition and connections.
- Test with different discs to rule out media-related issues.
- Use diagnostic tools to verify drive functionality.
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### Conclusion
By following this structured approach, technicians can systematically identify and resolve disk-related issues during the startup and shutdown phases of a computer. This guide serves as a reference for common problems and provides practical steps for troubleshooting. As technology evolves, additional cases will be added to improve the guide's usefulness over time.
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