I. INTRODUCTION Ammunition is a flammable and explosive hazardous material. In addition to transportation and storage, it must prevent water, ultraviolet rays, mold, insects and air from the erosion of water vapor, oxygen, sulfur dioxide, salt and other harmful substances. In addition, we must also prevent the harm from static, electromagnetic, and vibration. How to improve ammunition packaging to meet the basic requirements for ammunition transportation, storage and use is an urgent task for ammunition packaging researchers. Foreign military forces, especially the U.S. military, have relatively early research and packaging, advanced technologies, and packaging materials and packaging technologies that meet the above requirements. Their experience and technology are worthy of our military’s reference. The following describes the characteristics and development trends of foreign ammunition packaging.
Second, the characteristics of foreign ammunition packaging 1. The perfect management system Ammunition packaging management system developed in the world of the munitions industry is relatively complete, such as the United States Armed Forces Logistics Command specifically set up a joint packaging technology coordination group (JTCG/PKG), responsible for the three armed forces The technical coordination of packaging also established a military packaging technical school to provide technical training for all personnel engaged in military packaging; in the case of ammunition packaging, the Task Force for Packaging and Storage (PPTG) of the JCAP was involved. Responsible for technical coordination of conventional ammunition for the three armed forces The British Defense Department has set up a Central Packaging Department (CPU) to be responsible for the adjustment of military packaging standardization and packaging design. The CPU performs its duties through the following activities:
Packaging design management and technical approval of packaging products;
Standard formulation and interpretation of packaging materials and technical methods;
Environmental testing equipment and training center management;
Internal and external research support and monitoring.
2. Ammunition Packaging Standardized packaging standardization research, foreign military started earlier in this regard, and for decades to consider this issue as the center of packaging research. Taking the U.S. military as an example, the U.S. military began systematic research on ammunition packaging from the forties, and developed a series of standards for packaging technologies. For example, the package cultivation method "MIL-D-116" laid the foundation for the subsequent development of packaging; In response to the needs of the military, the Era formulated a number of standards, such as "MIL-STD-1367" system equipment packaging, handling, storage and transportation requirements, "MIL-STD-1319" affect the characteristics of transport and packaging and equipment design, The "FED-STD-102" sealed protective inner packaging and outer packaging grade, etc., these standards from the macro control of the equipment and protective packaging requirements. They are related to several other major military standards that have played a technical guiding role, such as "MIL-794" equipment and parts packaging and internal and external packaging, "FED-STD-101" packaging testing method, "MIL-STD-810" environmental testing method. By coordinating with each other, a stringent standard system for the development, production, ordering, handling, storage and transportation of military packaging on a macroscopic and microscopic scale has been formed.
3. Packaging materials and methods (1) Adopting moisture-proof material The aluminum-plastic moisture-proof bag (set) is used as the inner packaging of small and medium-caliber cannonballs, missiles and torpedoes. The packaging method uses vacuum and heat sealing techniques.
(2) Flexible packaging technology The soft packaging wrapping technology can not only store piles of ammunition, missiles, and torpedoes, but also seal large-scale military equipment such as aircrafts, tanks, electronic devices, radars, artillery, and combat vehicles in the open air. Envelope systems generally consist of a sealing system, a drying system, and a relative humidity detection system. Compared with warehouse oil sealing and storage, envelope sealing mainly has the following advantages: Relatively speaking, the relative humidity of the envelope can be controlled below 50% in a long-term and stable manner; it can be put into use quickly; the economy is good, and the storage cost can be reduced by 80%.
(3) Adopt static dehumidification technology and corrosion inhibition and rust prevention technology Static dehumidification technology is to put silica gel, Montto soil or molecular moisture absorption in the outer packaging container; corrosion inhibitor and rust prevention technology is to use the corrosion inhibitor to improve the packaging in the sealed packaging. Anti-rust ability.
(4) Using silk bales wooden boxes instead of wooden boxes as outer packaging boxes In the United States, silk bales are gradually replacing wooden boxes widely used as fuse boxes for fuses, shells, aeroplanes, and missiles. Compared with the ordinary wooden box, the wire bundle wooden box has the advantages of light weight, small volume (no small volume), good performance, simple structure, convenient use, large amount of wood saving, low transportation cost and storage cost, improved warehouse, transportation tools (cars, etc.) (Spacecraft utilization).
(5) Adopting Ontology Technology of Containerized Packaging, Transportation, Storage, and Use In recent years, the U.S. military has put one ton of shells into a large container that is easy to open and close. This type of packaging has less consumables and more charges. , easy to use and save shipping features. Basically meet the three requirements of transportation, storage, and use. The U.S. military has conducted many tests since the 1970s on container-launched missile systems and has made significant progress. For example, the U.S. military has about 7,600 ammunition containers of 200 tons of steel. Its size is 20 x 8 x 8 feet. The U.S. military ships 160 containers to Europe every six weeks. In 1981, the U.S. military used containers to transport 32,092 tons of ammunition to West Germany, which accounted for 20% of the total ammunition shipped from the United States to the West Germany during the year.
(6) Pallet Packing of Ammunition The US military considers the pallet and the box together as a unit package for ammunition. During the storage and transportation process, the pallet operation is the smallest unit of operation. Whether it is a small-volume fuze or a large-caliber ammunition, it has All achieved pallet assembly. The U.S. military ammunition trays have become the main method for the delivery of ammunition by the factory to various ammunition refueling stations. The unit-combined trays are used directly as force ammunition and transport storage containers. In order to shorten the time taken for picking up shots and improve the efficiency of the entire system, the U.S. military has improved the tray assembly (for example, 105 tank gun ammunition). The method of directly fetching bullets under the trays has become the new requirement for the design of ammunition packaging for the US military.
4. Computer technology has been widely used in the field of ammunition packaging to analyze, refine, and establish relevant correlations for various types of information such as product characteristics, packaging requirements, material properties, environmental conditions, transportation and handling requirements, and incorporate them into computers. Management is conducive to the realization of standardized design; data sharing shortens the packaging development cycle and quickly obtains all kinds of effective information, scientifically makes ammunition packaging solutions, and rationally plans the number of seaborne or air freight containers, and can also cooperate with higher-level satellite tracking and management systems. Achieve "full visibility" of ammunition protection.
5. The establishment and improvement of packaging inspection and testing institutions as an integral part of military packaging - the establishment and improvement of packaging inspection and testing institutions, provides an accurate scientific basis for the design of military packaging, and also makes the acceptance of military packaging more objective. .
Third, the development trend of foreign ammunition packaging 1. Packaging research and ammunition development and improvement more synchronized Ammunition packaging research is not only to ensure that ammunition storage stability, maintainability, and testability, At the same time, the reliability, reusability, maintainability, and testability of the packaging itself have gradually gained attention.
2. The comprehensive protection capabilities of packaging will be further strengthened. With the development of high technology, the high-tech content of ammunition is also increasing. The ammunition integrated with machine, light, electricity, and chemical industry has higher combat performance, but it is also New requirements have been put forward, and in the face of numerous environmental factors, packaging must inevitably develop to multifunctional protection. With the continuous deepening of the research on the correlation of various types of new ammunition, multi-functional protective packaging design basis is more scientific, more reasonable, and more practical. At the same time, the rapid development of new materials and their process technologies have led to corresponding developments in packaging technology. Many unresolved protection issues have been solved with the emergence of new materials. Therefore, the development of materials science has injected new vitality into the development of packaging.
3. Advance research and adapt to the rapid reaction of troops. To meet the rapid response of the troops, the U.S. has conducted a series of research and tests on airborne ammunition packaging systems, such as the "amendment of empty ammunition packaging" test and the "40-foot safe drop test". It provided a scientific basis for the large-scale airdrop of the US military.
4. Container transport system to support the development of the US military with Jackie Chan's approach is to combine six months of work, research and supporting equipment handling; container and transport tools convergence, development of vehicles suitable for container transport, trailers and semi-trailers; decision-making in the "full visibility" management system The development of land, sea, and air combined transport will be implemented to increase the resilience of logistical support, and military-civilian container transport forces that are suitable for combat readiness, as well as centralized logistics supply systems equipped with standard handling equipment and work procedures will be established.
IV. Concluding remarks In all developed countries of the military industry in the world, the military research on military packaging, including ammunition packaging, is more systematic and comprehensive. Ammunition packaging has always played an important role in the military packaging of the US military and is in a leading position in technology. Therefore, a careful study of the ammunition packaging experience and lessons learned from the United States will help speed up the reform and development of ammunition packaging in China.
Second, the characteristics of foreign ammunition packaging 1. The perfect management system Ammunition packaging management system developed in the world of the munitions industry is relatively complete, such as the United States Armed Forces Logistics Command specifically set up a joint packaging technology coordination group (JTCG/PKG), responsible for the three armed forces The technical coordination of packaging also established a military packaging technical school to provide technical training for all personnel engaged in military packaging; in the case of ammunition packaging, the Task Force for Packaging and Storage (PPTG) of the JCAP was involved. Responsible for technical coordination of conventional ammunition for the three armed forces The British Defense Department has set up a Central Packaging Department (CPU) to be responsible for the adjustment of military packaging standardization and packaging design. The CPU performs its duties through the following activities:
Packaging design management and technical approval of packaging products;
Standard formulation and interpretation of packaging materials and technical methods;
Environmental testing equipment and training center management;
Internal and external research support and monitoring.
2. Ammunition Packaging Standardized packaging standardization research, foreign military started earlier in this regard, and for decades to consider this issue as the center of packaging research. Taking the U.S. military as an example, the U.S. military began systematic research on ammunition packaging from the forties, and developed a series of standards for packaging technologies. For example, the package cultivation method "MIL-D-116" laid the foundation for the subsequent development of packaging; In response to the needs of the military, the Era formulated a number of standards, such as "MIL-STD-1367" system equipment packaging, handling, storage and transportation requirements, "MIL-STD-1319" affect the characteristics of transport and packaging and equipment design, The "FED-STD-102" sealed protective inner packaging and outer packaging grade, etc., these standards from the macro control of the equipment and protective packaging requirements. They are related to several other major military standards that have played a technical guiding role, such as "MIL-794" equipment and parts packaging and internal and external packaging, "FED-STD-101" packaging testing method, "MIL-STD-810" environmental testing method. By coordinating with each other, a stringent standard system for the development, production, ordering, handling, storage and transportation of military packaging on a macroscopic and microscopic scale has been formed.
3. Packaging materials and methods (1) Adopting moisture-proof material The aluminum-plastic moisture-proof bag (set) is used as the inner packaging of small and medium-caliber cannonballs, missiles and torpedoes. The packaging method uses vacuum and heat sealing techniques.
(2) Flexible packaging technology The soft packaging wrapping technology can not only store piles of ammunition, missiles, and torpedoes, but also seal large-scale military equipment such as aircrafts, tanks, electronic devices, radars, artillery, and combat vehicles in the open air. Envelope systems generally consist of a sealing system, a drying system, and a relative humidity detection system. Compared with warehouse oil sealing and storage, envelope sealing mainly has the following advantages: Relatively speaking, the relative humidity of the envelope can be controlled below 50% in a long-term and stable manner; it can be put into use quickly; the economy is good, and the storage cost can be reduced by 80%.
(3) Adopt static dehumidification technology and corrosion inhibition and rust prevention technology Static dehumidification technology is to put silica gel, Montto soil or molecular moisture absorption in the outer packaging container; corrosion inhibitor and rust prevention technology is to use the corrosion inhibitor to improve the packaging in the sealed packaging. Anti-rust ability.
(4) Using silk bales wooden boxes instead of wooden boxes as outer packaging boxes In the United States, silk bales are gradually replacing wooden boxes widely used as fuse boxes for fuses, shells, aeroplanes, and missiles. Compared with the ordinary wooden box, the wire bundle wooden box has the advantages of light weight, small volume (no small volume), good performance, simple structure, convenient use, large amount of wood saving, low transportation cost and storage cost, improved warehouse, transportation tools (cars, etc.) (Spacecraft utilization).
(5) Adopting Ontology Technology of Containerized Packaging, Transportation, Storage, and Use In recent years, the U.S. military has put one ton of shells into a large container that is easy to open and close. This type of packaging has less consumables and more charges. , easy to use and save shipping features. Basically meet the three requirements of transportation, storage, and use. The U.S. military has conducted many tests since the 1970s on container-launched missile systems and has made significant progress. For example, the U.S. military has about 7,600 ammunition containers of 200 tons of steel. Its size is 20 x 8 x 8 feet. The U.S. military ships 160 containers to Europe every six weeks. In 1981, the U.S. military used containers to transport 32,092 tons of ammunition to West Germany, which accounted for 20% of the total ammunition shipped from the United States to the West Germany during the year.
(6) Pallet Packing of Ammunition The US military considers the pallet and the box together as a unit package for ammunition. During the storage and transportation process, the pallet operation is the smallest unit of operation. Whether it is a small-volume fuze or a large-caliber ammunition, it has All achieved pallet assembly. The U.S. military ammunition trays have become the main method for the delivery of ammunition by the factory to various ammunition refueling stations. The unit-combined trays are used directly as force ammunition and transport storage containers. In order to shorten the time taken for picking up shots and improve the efficiency of the entire system, the U.S. military has improved the tray assembly (for example, 105 tank gun ammunition). The method of directly fetching bullets under the trays has become the new requirement for the design of ammunition packaging for the US military.
4. Computer technology has been widely used in the field of ammunition packaging to analyze, refine, and establish relevant correlations for various types of information such as product characteristics, packaging requirements, material properties, environmental conditions, transportation and handling requirements, and incorporate them into computers. Management is conducive to the realization of standardized design; data sharing shortens the packaging development cycle and quickly obtains all kinds of effective information, scientifically makes ammunition packaging solutions, and rationally plans the number of seaborne or air freight containers, and can also cooperate with higher-level satellite tracking and management systems. Achieve "full visibility" of ammunition protection.
5. The establishment and improvement of packaging inspection and testing institutions as an integral part of military packaging - the establishment and improvement of packaging inspection and testing institutions, provides an accurate scientific basis for the design of military packaging, and also makes the acceptance of military packaging more objective. .
Third, the development trend of foreign ammunition packaging 1. Packaging research and ammunition development and improvement more synchronized Ammunition packaging research is not only to ensure that ammunition storage stability, maintainability, and testability, At the same time, the reliability, reusability, maintainability, and testability of the packaging itself have gradually gained attention.
2. The comprehensive protection capabilities of packaging will be further strengthened. With the development of high technology, the high-tech content of ammunition is also increasing. The ammunition integrated with machine, light, electricity, and chemical industry has higher combat performance, but it is also New requirements have been put forward, and in the face of numerous environmental factors, packaging must inevitably develop to multifunctional protection. With the continuous deepening of the research on the correlation of various types of new ammunition, multi-functional protective packaging design basis is more scientific, more reasonable, and more practical. At the same time, the rapid development of new materials and their process technologies have led to corresponding developments in packaging technology. Many unresolved protection issues have been solved with the emergence of new materials. Therefore, the development of materials science has injected new vitality into the development of packaging.
3. Advance research and adapt to the rapid reaction of troops. To meet the rapid response of the troops, the U.S. has conducted a series of research and tests on airborne ammunition packaging systems, such as the "amendment of empty ammunition packaging" test and the "40-foot safe drop test". It provided a scientific basis for the large-scale airdrop of the US military.
4. Container transport system to support the development of the US military with Jackie Chan's approach is to combine six months of work, research and supporting equipment handling; container and transport tools convergence, development of vehicles suitable for container transport, trailers and semi-trailers; decision-making in the "full visibility" management system The development of land, sea, and air combined transport will be implemented to increase the resilience of logistical support, and military-civilian container transport forces that are suitable for combat readiness, as well as centralized logistics supply systems equipped with standard handling equipment and work procedures will be established.
IV. Concluding remarks In all developed countries of the military industry in the world, the military research on military packaging, including ammunition packaging, is more systematic and comprehensive. Ammunition packaging has always played an important role in the military packaging of the US military and is in a leading position in technology. Therefore, a careful study of the ammunition packaging experience and lessons learned from the United States will help speed up the reform and development of ammunition packaging in China.
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Used up every available inch of storage in your closet? Don't think you could squeeze in another thing? Think again. With the Over The Door Hanger, you can create more storage space for belts, scarves, hats, jewelry and morein your closet and elsewhere. Designed to fit over any standard sized door, the organizer features soft foam at all points of contact to prevent damage and several big hooks to store the items of your choice. Constructed of epoxy coated steel, the modern bronze organizer is made to last and will suit any decor, allowing you to use it on any door in your home, closet door or bathroom door, inside or out.
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